Scaffolding Reflection: Prompting Social Constructive Metacognitive Activity in Non-Formal Learning

The study explores the effects of three different types of non-adaptive, metacognitive scaffolding on social, constructive metacognitive activity and reflection in groups of non-formal learners. Six triads of non-formal learners were assigned randomly to one of the three scaffolding conditions: structuring, problematising or epistemological. The triads were then asked to collaboratively resolve an ill-structured problem and record their deliberations. Evidence from think-aloud protocols was analysed using conversational and discourse analysis. Findings indicate that epistemological scaffolds produced more social, constructive metacognitive activity than either of the two other scaffolding conditions in all metacognitive activities except for task orientation, as well as higher quality interactions during evaluation and reflection phases. However, participants appeared to be less aware of their activities as forming a strategic, self-regulatory response to the problem. This may indicate that for learning transfer, it may be necessary to employ an adaptive, facilitated reflection on learners' activities

PENGARUH BESAR FREE WAY SPACE TERHADAP DAYA KUNYAH ANAK LAKI-LAKI DAN PEREMPUAN DI DATARAN TINGGI CANGKRINGAN DAN DATARAN RENDAH WIROBRAJAN (Kajian pada Anak Suku Jawa Usia 7-8 Tahun)

The chewing power of individuals in producing food particles into smaller sizes is different from one another. A chewing power of individual was associated with Free Way Space. Free Way Space was the distance between the maxillary and mandibular occlusal surface at rest position. Differences in topography was also related to a person chewing power, which is due to a different diet. The purpose of this study was to determined the effect of the Free Space Way, topography, and gender to the chewing power of children aged 7-8 years. This was a quasi-experimental study. The number of subjects were 40 children. The subjects were divided into 2 groups: 20 children who lived in the highlands and 20 children who lived in the lowlands, each distinguished by a gender and the size of Free Way Space. Every child chew a carrot in accordance with the instructions, the results were accommodated, and count the food particles that got through mesh 4, 8, and 10 to see the chewing power of children. Data were analyzed by multivariate Anova parametric test. The results showed significant (p < 0.05), that the size of the Free Way Space, topography , and gender influence the chewing power of children. Interaction between Free Way Space, topography, and gender to influence the chewing power of children also showed significant result (p<0,05). The conclusion of this study for children aged 7-8 years was the child with a large Free Way Space has stronger chewing than the children with Free Way Space smaller, a child who lived in the highlands has stronger chewing than in the lowlands, as well as boy has a stronger chewing than girl

PERBEDAAN UKURAN FREE WAY SPACE ANAK SUKU JAWA USIA 7-8 TAHUN YANG BERTEMPAT TINGGAL DI DATARAN TINGGI DAN DATARAN RENDAH (Kajian Subyek di Wilayah Kecamatan Cangkringan dan Wirobrajan)

Free Way Space is the space between the occlusal surface of the upper jaw and lower jaw in centric occlusion and rest position. Free Way Space is influenced by many factors, including the masticatory muscles. Children who lived in the highlands and lowlands have different eating habits. This was because of different ecological types, which required different physical activity and energy. Boys and girls also have different physical activity.The purpose of this research was to determine the difference of the Free Way Space between 7-8 years old boys and girls who lived in the highlands and lowlands. The research was an analytical epidemiological cross-sectional study design. The number of subjects were 120 children. Subjects were children 7-8 year old school children who lived in the Cangkringan district and Wirobrajan district, Yogyakarta. Subjects were divided into 2 groups : group I (subjects who attended school and lived in the Cangkringan district) and group II (subjects who attended school and lived in the Wirobrajan district). Each group was divided by sex and age with the same frequency. Then measure the distance between the subnation point and gnation point when the child in centric position and the rest position. The difference of Free Way Space in the two groups were compared using Anova Univariat parametric test. The results showed significant (p<0.05) difference based on residence, gender, and age. The Free Way Space in children who lived in the highlands are larger than the children who lived in the lowlands, the boys are larger than the girls, and the 8 years old children are larger than 7 years old children